Retail fragmentation vs. urban livability: Applying ecological methods in urban geography research

► This research implements a least-cost modeling methodology, frequently used in ecology research. ► Retail fragments are accessible, but mainly when mobility is supplemented by a private car. ► Fragmentation results in a large travel distance for shopping purposes and greater automobile dependence. ► Trip chaining is difficult between fragments, not only by transit, but also for the private car. ► Retail distribution emphasizes sectoral interactions, mainly in out-of-city-center locations.