Fabrication and electrochemical study of carbon modified TiO2 nanowires

We report on the direct growth of TiO2 nanowires via a facile thermal oxidation treatment of a Ti substrate, and their capacity for electrochemical biosensing. To improve the conductivity of the TiO2 nanowires and to facilitate the immobilization of enzymes onto their surfaces, a thin layer of carbon was deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanowires via chemical vapor deposition. Upon the immobilization of glucose oxidase as a model protein, direct electron transfer was observed in a mediator-free biosensing environment. Our electrochemical studies have revealed that the designed glucose biosensor exhibits a wide linear range of up to 18 mM glucose, along with high sensitivity and selectivity. The developed biosensor was further tested using human serum samples and has demonstrated promising results for medical applications.