Upgrading of bio-oil in supercritical ethanol: Catalysts screening, solvent recovery and catalyst stability study

- Bio-oil was upgraded in supercritical ethanol with low ratios of ethanol to bio-oil.
- C-supported catalysts gave better performance over Ru/HZSM-5.
- Solvent recovery and reutilization reduced ethanol to bio-oil ratio to about 1:1.
- Coke and metal particle sintering deactivated Ru/C.