Thermal decomposition and spectroscopic investigation of a new aqueous glycolato(-peroxo) Ti(IV) solution–gel precursor

A new aqueous solution–gel precursor based on water soluble glycolato(-peroxo)–Ti(IV) complexes is developed for the preparation of TiO2 films. With regard to the decomposition of complexes towards oxide formation, it is important to gain insight in the chemical transformations inside the precursor during thermal treatment. Therefore, the thermo-oxidative decomposition pathway of a gel obtained by slow evaporation of the precursor solution is described based on hyphenated thermogravimetric analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA–FTIR) and mass spectrometry (TGA–MS). Pure glycolic acid is used as a reference system for this study. By varying the molar glycolic acid to Ti(IV) ratio, the thermal decomposition of the gel can be drastically shortened and the profile's course changed. Gel structure and chemical changes in the gel upon heating are also studied by means of off-line FTIR. A unidentate coordination of the titanium(IV) ion by the carboxylate group of the glycolato ligands and the involvement of the hydroxyl group is confirmed. Phase formation at certain points in the thermal decomposition is studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, it is proven that the new precursor is a valuable candidate for the deposition of low carbon containing solution–gel films which can ultimately be converted into smooth and uniform TiO2 films.

► A totally water based glycolato–Ti(IV) precursor is presented and characterized.
► The precursors’ thermal decomposition profile depends on the ligand to metal ratio.
► Titanium is coordinated in an unidentate fashion by the glycolate anion.
► Smooth and uniform TiO2 films can be prepared from the precursor solution.