Energetic, economic and environmental viability of off-grid PV-BESS for charging electric vehicles: Case study of Spain

In order to verify the effectiveness and rentability of the studied system, its efficiency has been compared to grid- connected charging points, considering the environmental aspects. The obtained results demonstrate that the off-grid PV-BESS are technically and economically viable and reliable. Moreover, they are profitable while allowing a significant reduction of the air pollution.