A new metaheuristic for optimization: Optics inspired optimization (OIO)

(a) When the function surface serves as a convex surface. (b) When the function surface serves as a concave surface and the artificial object/light point is between artificial focal point and the function surface. (c) When the function surface serves as a concave surface and the artificial object/light point is between artificial focal point and centre of curvature. (d) When the function surface serves as a concave surface and the artificial object/light point is beyond the centre of curvature.