Practical recursive algorithms and flexible open-source applications for planning of smart distribution networks with Demand Response

Distribution networks are currently undergoing fundamental changes due to the rise of smart solutions such as for instance Demand Response (DR), which increases network complexity and challenges the adequacy of traditional planning practices. This calls for the use of suitable planning methodologies. However, the planning problem may be too cumbersome for most commercial software tools, or may lead to complex bespoke optimisation models that may not be easy to use by network planners. In this light, this work proposes a recursive function that can be used in practical algorithms for planning of smart distribution networks. The recursive function can emulate business-as-usual planning practices and further optimise them, including DR options as potential substitutes for network reinforcement. Several case studies based on real UK networks highlight the robustness and flexibility of the proposed algorithms to address different problems, including uncertainty analysis and risk management. The results clearly show that the proposed tool leads to increased economic and social benefits, particularly when optimising investment strategies considering smart DR solutions. The model is herein distributed open-source as accompanying material to this paper with the aim of encouraging new practices required for smart distribution network planning beyond the traditional academic applications.