Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam

In recent years, the growth of environmental protection policies has generated an increase in the global demand for activated carbon, the most widely used adsorbent in many industrial sectors, and with good prospects of implementation in others such as energy storage (electrodes in supercapacitors) and agriculture (fertilizer production). This demand is driving by the search for renewable, abundant and low-cost precursor materials, as an alternative to traditional fossil sources. This study investigates the production of activated carbon from barley straw using physical activation method with two different activating agents, carbon dioxide and steam. Experimental tests under different conditions at each stage of the process, carbonization and activation, have been conducted in order to maximize the BET surface area and microporosity of the final product. During the carbonization stage, temperature and heating rate have been found to be the most relevant factors, while activation temperature and hold time played this role during activation. Optimal conditions for the activation stage were obtained at 800 °C and a hold time of 1 h in the case of activation with carbon dioxide and at 700 °C and a hold time of 1 h in the case of activation with steam. The maximum BET surface area and micropore volume achieved by carbon dioxide activation were of 789 m2/g and 0.3268 cm3/g while for steam activation were 552 m2/g and 0.2304 cm3/g, which represent respectively an increase of more than 43% and 42% for the case of activation with carbon dioxide.