Effects of bonding area size, surface treatment and specimen configuration on the push out test for assessing bonding and stress distribution to Y-TZP

Macro-push out with composite resin or cement does not appear to be promising when evaluating adhesion to zirconia ceramics; micro-push out with composite resin filler is an adequate method; the tribochemical silica coating surface treatment can be evaluated by all tested methods in the current study, except for the macro-test with resin cement condition.