Surface characterization of bio-fillers from typical mollusk shell using computational algorithms

The generation of surface free energy parameters calculated from contact angle data is a burdensome and time-consuming process. To facilitate these calculations, computational algorithms using three different programming languages-MATLAB, C and Python-were developed and validated by surface properties determination of PO and CPO. The results indicated that the surface free energy parameters calculated using the three algorithms were consistent. The unknowns were obtained directly from within the C and Python programs, however, indirectly from within MATLAB function. In addition, the assembly statements of the C function were longer than those of the other two. The obtained results were also compared with those from an IGC analysis. It showed that the γSD values determined using the contact angle methods were consistent, although lower than those obtained by IGC analysis. Compared to γSD, the γSSP component contributed less to γST. The lowerγSD and γSSP values for CPO which added up to a lower γST value, could reduce filler particle/particle interactions, allowing a better dispersion in a polymer matrix.