Low-velocity impact energy partition in GLARE

Using a recently developed analytical impact model based on the Classical Laminate Theory and the First-order Shear Deformation Theory, this paper presents a theoretical and experimental comparative study on the low-velocity impact behaviour of the fibre-metal laminate GLARE and monolithic aluminium. Delamination onset and contact increase during perforation were taken into account. New generic expressions were derived for strain energy and contact force. Absorbed energy, impact force, maximum deflection, and impact velocity were predicted within 14% of test results. GLARE 5-2/1-0.4 is 86% more resistant than its monolithic 2024-T3 aluminium counterpart of the same thickness. Because GLARE is made of thin high strength layers that can undergo large deformation, this hybrid material is an ideal candidate for impact-prone structures. This fundamental understanding can support the development of high-energy absorbing FML concepts.