Gradient heat flux sensors for high temperature environments

The paper studies gradient heat flux sensors (GHFS) based on artificial anisotropic thermoelements. Fundamentals, manufacturing technique and examples of applications in thermal measurement experiments are presented. Comparison of different types of sensors is provided.

► Anisotropic heat flux sensors made from single crystal of bismuth and from artificial anisotropic materials is presented.
► The calibration of both types shows the dependence of the output voltage from heat flux with error 0.64% and 6.8% respectively.
► The response time found from direct experiment is about 10 ns.
► New sensors can be used with environmental temperature 1300 K.