Theoretical vs. actual energy consumption of labelled dwellings in the Netherlands: Discrepancies and policy implications

► Actual gas consumption in Dutch dwellings is lower than the theoretical. ► In the dwellings with label A-B, theoretical gas consumption is lower than actual gas consumption. ► In less efficient dwellings, theoretical gas consumption is much higher than the actual. ► Most current energy reduction targets are unachievable if modelled with actual instead of theoretical energy consumption.