Turning lights into flights: Estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for UK households

► We estimate the direct and indirect rebound effects from energy efficiency improvements by UK households. ► We allow for the capital cost of the improvement, together with the emissions embodied in the relevant equipment. ► We find rebound effects to be relatively modest, in the range 5-15%. ► The anticipated shift towards a low carbon electricity system will lead to larger rebound effects.