Granger non-causality tests between (non)renewable energy consumption and output in Italy since 1861: The (ir)relevance of structural breaks

► We consider an annual Italian dataset from 1861 to 2000. ► We implement Granger non-causality tests between energy consumption and output. ► We contrast methods both allowing and not allowing for structural breaks. ► Results are robust to adopting different methodologies. ► We discuss policy and research implications.