Exploring dietary trends in late Holocene populations from Northwest Argentina: Insights from new data on stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N)

In the territory of Jujuy province, Northwest Argentina (NWA), a marked environmental diversity promoted the emergence of a wide spectrum of subsistence strategies during prehistoric times. This work explores the variability of human paleodiets from different environmental and temporal contexts of the province. Bone and tooth samples of 30 individuals from five archaeological sites were analysed: Til 20 (late Formative), Til 1, Yacoraite (Regional Developments and Inca), Til 43 (Hispanic-Indigenous) in Quebrada de Humahuaca, and Doncellas (Regional Developments and Inca) in Puna. The results of carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses reveal a strong relevance of C4 resources and a balance between meat and plant components of the diet for Quebrada de Humahuaca. Late Formative site Til 20 exhibits more enriched δ13C and δ15N values than Regional Developments and Inca sites, reflecting higher consumption of C4 resources and a greater relevance of the meat component in diet or, alternatively, crop manuring practices. Hispanic-Indigenous samples exhibited intermediate isotopic values, which indicate the consumption of C4 and C3 plant resources and enriched animal protein. In Puna, δ15N values show certain homogeneity around values that reflect a balance between meat and plant components in the diet. It is also observed in this region a great dispersion of the δ13C values for organic and mineral fractions, ranging from those reflecting high intake of C4 resources to those where C3 resources have greater relevance.