Effects of nicotine-containing and “nicotine-free” e-cigarette refill liquids on intracranial self-stimulation in rats

These findings suggest that non-nicotine constituents in these EC liquids do not contribute to their reinforcement-enhancing effects. However, they may attenuate nicotine's acute aversive/anhedonic and/or toxic effects, which may moderate the abuse liability and/or toxicity of ECs.