Reduced ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) volume and impaired vmPFC-default mode network integration in codeine-containing cough syrups users

The findings revealed volume loss and aberrant functional organization in vmPFC among CCS users. In addition, the decreased vmPFC GM volume and attenuated functional connectivity of the vmPFC-inferior parietal lobe network were associated with clinical higher impulsivity trait in CCS users.