Development and validation of a self-rating scale for betel quid chewers based on a male-prisoner population in Taiwan: The Betel Quid Dependence Scale

The BQDS has good internal consistency and construct validity, and was proved to have optimal reliability and criterion validity in this special sample. Further investigation is suggested in different samples such as the general population or oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients to test the generalization of this instrument.