Psychophysical basis for maximum pushing and pulling forces: A review and recommendations

► Equations to estimate initial and sustained pushing and pulling forces are provided. ► Factors relevant to pushing/pulling task design are discussed. ► Pushing and pulling forces recommended by Snook and Ciriello (1991) are still valid. ► It is not clear whether pushing or pulling is more advantageous. ► Literature is contradictory on optimal hand/handle heights for pushing and pulling.