Large strain of lead-free bismuth ferrite ternary ceramics at elevated temperature

(a) Temperature dependence of unipolar strain of the ceramics with x = 0.07, measured at f = 0.5 Hz and E = 4 kV/mm; (b) corresponding temperature dependence of d33*of the ceramics with x = 0.07; (c) temperature dependence of normalized d33* for lead-based and lead-free ceramics; (d) d33* vs hysteresis for some BNT and BFO-based ceramics; (e) d33* vs electric field for some BNT and BFO-based ceramics.283