Intercalation pseudocapacitance of amorphous titanium dioxide@nanoporous graphene for high-rate and large-capacity energy storage

Amorphous titanium dioxide, grown on highly conductive nanoporous graphene frameworks by atomic layer deposition, is capable of storing and delivering a large capacity at high rates by pseudocapacitive and bulk-form Li+ intercalation/de-intercalation reactions. Different from intercalation pseudocapacitive crystals, amorphous TiO2 experiences local structure changes during Li+ insertion and extraction which essentially only lead to insignificant constraints on the overall kinetics as a result of loose packing and structure disorder of amorphous materials.227