Metal oxide nanoparticles induced step-edge nucleation of stable Li metal anode working under an ultrahigh current density of 15 mA cm−2

The step-edge-guided effect during Li deposition was firstly proposed and confirmed herein. With this finding, wood-derived carbon as 3D host was modified by MgO nanoparticles to enrich the nanoscale nucleation steps for Li, achieving a dendrite-free Li metal anode even at an ultrahigh current density of 15 mA cm−2.252