Surface morphology and phase stability of titanium foils irradiated with 136Â MeV 136Xe

A stack of titanium foils was irradiated with 136 MeV 136Xe to study microstructure damage and phase stability of titanium upon irradiation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to study the resulting microstructure damage and phase stability of titanium. We observed the phase transformation of polycrystalline titanium from alpha-Ti (hexagonally closed packed (hcp)) to face centered cubic (fcc) after irradiation with 2.2 × 1015 ions/cm2. Irradiation of Ti with 1.8 × 1014-2.2 × 1015 ions/cm2 resulted in the formation of voids, hillocks, dislocation loops, dislocation lines, as well as polygonal ridge networks.