Energy recovery systems for retrofitting in internal combustion engine vehicles: A review of techniques

Energy recovery systems (ERSs) for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are reviewed in the context of fuel efficiency improvement and retrofit capabilities. The paper presents technical knowledge on the potential benefits that retrofitted ERSs may achieve in carbon emissions reduction. A first distinction of ERSs is made between the sources of the energy and further sub-divided on the technique to harvest and store the energy. A critical evaluation is performed on the associated characteristics such as weight, size and cost. Finally, the paper summarizes the ERSs technologies under a number of common criteria, and finds out, that the most effective ERSs in terms of fuel efficiency are the ones more difficult to retrofit. Further research is suggested to investigate the trade-off between fuel consumption reduction and investment cost of the system.