کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
---|---|---|---|---|
8221374 | 1533050 | 2013 | 7 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله ISI
Proton: The Particle
ترجمه فارسی عنوان
پروتون: ذرات
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موضوعات مرتبط
مهندسی و علوم پایه
فیزیک و نجوم
تشعشع
چکیده انگلیسی
The purpose of this article is to review briefly the nature of protons: creation at the Big Bang, abundance, physical characteristics, internal components, and life span. Several particle discoveries by proton as the experimental tool are considered. Protons play important roles in science, medicine, and industry. This article was prompted by my experience in the curative treatment of cancer patients by protons and my interest in the nature of protons as particles. The latter has been stimulated by many discussions with particle physicists and reading related books and journals. Protons in our universe number â1080. Protons were created at 10â6 -1 second after the Big Bang at â1.37 à 1010 years beforethe present. Proton life span has been experimentally determined to be â¥1034 years; that is, the age of the universe is 10â24th of the minimum life span of a proton. The abundance of the elements is hydrogen, â74%; helium, â24%; and heavier atoms, â2%. Accordingly, protons are the dominant baryonic subatomic particle in the universe because â87% are protons. They are in each atom in our universe and thus involved in virtually every activity of matter in the visible universe, including life on our planet. Protons were discovered in 1919. In 1968, they were determined to be composed of even smaller particles, principally quarks and gluons. Protons have been the experimental tool in the discoveries of quarks (charm, bottom, and top), bosons (W+, Wâ, Z0, and Higgs), antiprotons, and antineutrons. Industrial applications of protons are numerous and important. Additionally, protons are well appreciated in medicine for their role in radiation oncology and in magnetic resonance imaging. Protons are the dominant baryonic subatomic particle in the visible universe, comprising â87% of the particle mass. They are present in each atom of our universe and thus a participant in every activity involving matter.
ناشر
Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics - Volume 87, Issue 3, 1 November 2013, Pages 555-561
Journal: International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics - Volume 87, Issue 3, 1 November 2013, Pages 555-561
نویسندگان
Herman MD, D Phil,