Proteomics: A valuable approach to elucidate spermatozoa post -testicular maturation in the endangered Acipenseridae family

Proteomics techniques, such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and differential gel electrophoresis, have been extensively used to describe the protein composition of male gametes in different animals, mainly mammals. They have also provided a deeper understanding of protein functions involved in sperm processes, as in processes that in humans lead to male infertility. However, few studies focus on fish sperm proteomics and even fewer have tried to explore the proteomic profile of Sturgeon spermatozoa. Sturgeon is an endangered, ancient group of fish species exploited mostly for caviar. In this fish group, a part of the process that leads to final functional maturation of spermatozoa so as to have the capability to activate eggs during the fertilization process. This process has a broad similarity to post-testicular maturation in mammals; where spermatozoa leaving the testes must be mixed with seminal fluid along the transit through the Wolffian ducts to modify its surface membrane protein composition, leading to axonemal and acrosomal competence. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on various proteomic techniques, their usefulness in separating, identifying and studying the proteome composition of the fish spermatozoon, as well as their potential applications in studying the post-testicular maturation process in Sturgeon. Such understanding could lead to development of more sophisticated aquaculture techniques, favorable for sturgeon reproduction.