Long-term complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation

The prevalence of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors continues to increase. Among patients whose disease remains in remission for the first 2-5 years after transplantation, it is estimated that approximately 80-90% will be alive over the subsequent 10 years. However, the relative mortality rates of such patients continue to remain higher than those of their general population peers, with late complications contributing to significant long-term morbidity and mortality. Late effects in HCT survivors include secondary cancers, organ specific complications, late infections, quality of life impairments, psychosocial issues, sexual and fertility concerns, financial toxicity, and issues around return to work/school. A patient-centric and multidisciplinary approach to HCT survivorship care with collaborative and coordinated care from transplant centers and community healthcare providers is necessary to ensure their long-term health. Lifelong follow-up of HCT survivors is recommended, with established guidelines serving as the template for providing screening and preventive care based on patient-specific exposures. This review discussed common late complications, models for care delivery, and gaps and priorities for future research in the field of HCT survivorship.