Cytological and histological changes in the urothelium produced by electromotive drug administration (EMDA) and by the combination of intravescical hyperthermia and chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy)

The increase of cellularity and nuclear size with the alteration of nuclear/cytoplasmatic ratio (N/C) were common in patients treated with EMDA/MMC and C-HT/MMC without clinical and histological evidence of recurrence of neoplasia. The hyperchromasia and irregular nuclear chromatin were rarely observed. The irregular nuclear membrane rarely identified in urine cytology after EMDA/MMC treatment, is a feature present in patients C-HT/MMC treated.