How insights from cardiovascular developmental biology have impacted the care of infants and children with congenital heart disease

► 22q11 hemizygosity: aberrant right subclavian artery and interrupted aortic arch type B. ► One change in the regulation of Ciona Ets1/2 is sufficient to convert a unicameral heart to a bicameral one. ► A sharp spatial gradient of Tbx5 is necessary and sufficient to septate the ventricle. ► Cilia mutations cause both heterotaxy and situs inversus totalis. ► Ciliary dysfunction affects the outcome of congenital heart disease in patients with heterotaxy.