Travel Behavior of Morning Commute with Staggered Work Hours

In this paper, an activity-based bottleneck model with staggered work hours (SWHs) is proposed. Commuters’ departure time choice is assumed to follows user equilibrium (UE) principle in terms of total activity utility. The equilibrium departure rates of the activity-based bottleneck model with both single work start time and double work start times are analytically derived. Analytical results show that there are three possible travel patterns for the bottleneck model with double work start times, and the formulations of the departure rates with respect to double work start times are the same as that with respect to single work start time. However, SWHs indeed change commuters’ travel choice behavior, and can result alternative cumulative departure flows.