Contact Potential Difference Measurement of Adhesion Process during Micro/Meso-scale Injection Upsetting

In micro/meso (between macro and micro)-scale metal forming, the contribution of friction between the material and tool on the material deformation is higher than that in macro-scale metal forming. The friction during forming strongly depends on the adhesion process. The process was studied by measuring the contact potential difference distribution of the tool surface after an injection upsetting stroke. The effect of the annealing temperature of materials and the forming speed on the amount of adhesion was quantified by the measurements.