Serological inflammatory factors as biomarkers for anatomic response in diabetic macular edema treated with anti-VEGF

Increased levels of hsCRP and ICAM1 were found to be significant biomarkers for early reduced anatomic response to anti-VEGF treatment. Cases with higher serum levels of such factors had increased CFT values, despite treatment, suggesting inner blood-retinal barrier breakdown that is not adequately responsive to anti-VEGF monotherapy.