Indoxyl sulfate upregulates the cannabinoid type 1 receptor gene via an ATF3/c-Jun complex-mediated signaling pathway in the model of uremic cardiomyopathy

Conclusions: We demonstrate that uremic toxins induce ATF3/c-Jun complex-mediated CB1R expression both in vivo and in vitro, possibly by modulating the ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways and ROS.