Vertical Root Fracture in Buccal Roots of Bifurcated Maxillary Premolars from Condensation of Gutta-percha

The main etiology for VRF is stress concentration resulting from the combined effect of wedgelike canal depression and the flexibility of periodontal ligament tissue joining the root and bone. This drawback can be alleviated by minimizing canal enlargement and apical condensation force during root canal therapy.