Helicobacter pylori and 17β-estradiol induce human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell abnormal proliferation and oxidative DNA damage

H. pylori and 17β-estradiol, separately or in combination, promoted cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis of HIBECs in vitro. The above phenomena might be related to oxidative stress and its subsequent DNA damage with H. pylori and 17β-estradiol.