Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) haemorrhage is bleeding from any point of the GI tract proximal to the ligament of Treitz. There are multiple causes and various presentations, some of which can be quite subtle. With dramatic bleeding, aggressive resuscitation is required in the first instance. The gold standard investigation for diagnosis is endoscopy and this in turn can facilitate certain therapeutic interventions. Other forms of management include radiological and surgical interventions.