Antenatal umbilical coiling index in gestational diabetes mellitus and non-gestational diabetes pregnancy

Antenatal UCI in pregnancy complicated by GDM were lower in comparison with non-GDM pregnancy. The most abnormal pattern of coiling in gestational diabetes was hypocoiling in both trimesters. In addition, 18-23 WG is the best time to perform ultrasound scan to detect aUCI and umbilical cord pattern.