Motivation in the exercise setting: Integrating constructs from the approach–avoidance achievement goal framework and self-determination theory

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to integrate the approach–avoidance model of achievement goals with self-determination theory in the context of structured exercise. More specifically, we analysed how perceived motivational climate, implicit ability beliefs, perceived competence, and achievement goals contributed to exercisers’ self-determined motivation.DesignA cross-sectional design using questionnaires was adopted.MethodThe sample consisted of exercisers (N = 727; 402 males and 325 females) aged between 16 and 78 years (M = 32.57, SD = 11.39) attending different sports centres. Examples of exercise activities undertaken included weightlifting, aerobics, Pilates, keep-fit for adults, indoor cycling, and fitness.ResultsStructural equation modelling showed that a perceived mastery climate positively predicted incremental beliefs and perceived competence, whereas a perceived performance climate positively predicted entity beliefs. Incremental beliefs underpinned mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals, whilst entity beliefs underpinned both performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted approach goals. Self-determined motivation was predicted positively by mastery-approach goals but negatively by both performance goals. The model was invariant across gender and age.ConclusionsThe present study provides initial support for the integration of the approach–avoidance goal framework and self-determination theory in the exercise domain.