The 2×2 achievement goal framework in a physical education context

ObjectivesTo examine the 2×2 achievement goal framework (which crosses the task–ego and approach–avoidance distinctions) in a physical education context. The psychometric properties of the 2×2 Achievement Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire were tested and correlates of distinct achievement goal profiles were examined in two Asian samples.MethodTwo cross-sectional studies involving youth aged 11–18 years (total N=995) from Singapore.ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses supported the factor structure of the 2×2 achievement goal framework in the physical education context. Factorial invariance across gender and athletic status was supported through multi-group analysis. Four distinct clusters were identified, and linked to patterns of psychological characteristics and outcomes.ConclusionAchievement goal researchers in sport and exercise psychology may wish to make use of the 2×2 achievement goal framework. The intraindividual approach to achievement goal profiles is valuable, yet underutilized at present. However, important questions regarding differences in approach and avoidance motivation across cultures require further research.