A multiscale force-based curved beam element for masonry arches

The proposed curved beam model is implemented in a standard FE analysis code and is used to perform several numerical applications. After validating the proposed formulation through benchmarking tests under linear elastic material response, the numerical simulation of six experimental tests is shown, concerning masonry arches characterized by different shapes and undergoing in-plane bending. The numerical results are validated through experimental outcomes and other FE models.