Nutritional modulation of parathyroid hormone secretion may influence risk for left ventricular hypertrophy

Recent studies demonstrate low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Although this may in part reflect reduced capacity for outdoor exercise, the possibility that poor vitamin D status increases risk for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and its common sequel CHF, merits consideration. In cardiomyocytes, hormones which activate protein kinase C (PKC) - including norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and endostatin, implicated in the pathogenesis of LVH - induce a hypertrophic response analogous to that seen in LVH. Transgenic mice overexpressing PKC-β2 or its upstream activator Gαq in cardiac myofibers develop a syndrome similar to LVH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) also activates Gαq and PKC in cardiomyocytes, and provokes the expected hypertrophic response. Both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism are associated with high risk for LVH. Moreover, in uncomplicated essential hypertension, left ventricular mass index has been shown to correlate very tightly with serum PTH levels, independent of blood pressure. This latter finding suggests that variations of PTH within the normal range can influence induction of LVH in at-risk subjects. If so, nutritional and lifestyle measures which modulate PTH secretion may have an impact on LVH risk. PTH secretion should be down-regulated by good vitamin D status - achieved through supplementation or regular uv exposure - and by vegan diets moderately low in bioavailable phosphate. Although high calcium intakes can likewise suppress PTH, they also boost renin secretion, which could have a countervailing effect on risk for LVH. Whether these nutritional measures do indeed influence LVH risk could be examined in prospective studies targeting patients at high risk, such as hypertensives.