Combination and adaptation of two tools to assess parental feeding practices in pre-school children

• A combination of the CFQ and the overt and covert control was originally tested.
• The restriction dimension of the CFQ needs to be reformulated.
• The overt and covert control measures a different dimension of the CFQ restriction.
• The usefulness of the questionnaire for Portuguese preschool children was confirmed.

ObjectiveTo test a combined version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire and the expanded concept of parental control (“covert” and “overt”) among Portuguese preschool children.MethodsThe final questionnaire comprised 38 items and 9 subscales. The translated questionnaire was self-administered to 854 mothers of 4 year-old children from the Generation XXI birth cohort. Maternal and children's weight and height and socio-demographic characteristics were measured. The global goodness of fit was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of subscales. Construct validity was tested for different dimensions.ResultsA 9-factor model was obtained, after excluding five “restriction” items and 1 “overt control” item, with a global goodness of fit (CFI = 0.961, TLI = 0.973, RMSEA = 0.057). Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.684 to 0.889. Children's body mass index (BMI) was significantly and positively related with “perceived parental weight”, “perceived child's weight” and “concern about child's weight”, and inversely related with “pressure to eat”, supporting the theoretical hypothesis. Maternal BMI was positively related with “perceived parental weight”.ConclusionsOur study confirmed the usefulness of this questionnaire for Portuguese preschool children, and supports the need of reformulating the restriction dimension and keeping separately the overt and covert control dimensions.