Changes in negative implicit evaluations in patients of hypochondriasis after treatment with cognitive therapy or exposure therapy

• Cognitive therapy was compared to exposure therapy and to a wait-list control group.
• Changes in negative implicit evaluations in hypochondriasis were evaluated.
• Only in cognitive therapy were reductions in negative implicit evaluations found.
• Reductions in negative implicit evaluations were not a prerequisite for successful treatment.
• For hypochondriasis, negative implicit evaluation bias does not appear to be a maintaining factor.

Background and ObjectivesPrevious studies using modified versions of the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP; Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005) have revealed that there is an implicit negative evaluation bias of illness-related information in patients with hypochondriasis (HYP), which might be a maintaining feature of HYP. However, there is no evidence on whether this bias might be targeted successfully by effective treatments, such as exposure therapy (ET) or cognitive therapy (CT). This is the first study to examine the change in negative implicit evaluations in a randomized controlled trial, including individual CT and ET, compared to a wait-list control group for HYP.MethodsAn AMP with illness, symptom and neutral primes was used in 70 patients with HYP before and after treatment (wait-list respectively).ResultsThere was no significant change in negative implicit affective evaluations in both CT and ET, compared to wait-list. However, comparisons between the two active treatments revealed an interaction effect, that only for CT were the affective reactions on illness-as well as symptom-related prime trials (but not neutral primes) significantly more positive at post-compared to pre-treatment. In CT but not in ET, the reduction of implicit negative evaluation bias regarding symptom-related primes was significantly related to the reduction of self-reported health anxiety.LimitationsThe small subsample sizes for CT and ET, in comparison to wait-list, prohibit the detection of smaller effects.ConclusionsFormal cognitive restructuring is necessary for reducing implicit negative evaluation bias in HYP, but the latter is not a prerequisite for reducing health anxiety. Thus, the importance of the negative implicit evaluation bias for the maintenance of HYP remains questionable.