Transplantation de cellules gliales olfactives après traumatisme médullaire

Ensheathing olfactory glial cells (OEC) can be considered, with stem cells, as the other most important cell type for developing therapeutic cellular transplantation strategies following lesion of the central nervous system (CNS) and particularly in the case of spinal cord injury. OECs are macroglial cells whose precursors are located in the olfactory mucosa. OEC ensheath the axons of the sensory olfactory neurons, from the peripheral mucosa to the central olfactory bulbs. These glial cells constitute one of the rare macroglial cells which, after removal in the adult mammal, can survive in culture and multiply. After post-traumatic transplantation in the CNS, these cells have induced several instances of functional recovery after injury of different neural systems. The “OEC transplantation effect” consists in modifying the central inhibitory environment to make it more propitious for axonal regrowth and cell survival (reduction of the glial scar; releasing of numerous survival and neurotrophic factors, and of surface, extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules). In addition to the fact that OEC can ensheath and/or myelinate central axons, migrate in the CNS and accompany the growing axons over a relatively long distance, they also can be obtained from olfactory mucusa. OEC thus constitute a preferential candidate for autologous transplantation for the purposes of repair.