Urine Markers for Bladder Cancer Surveillance: A Systematic Review

To our knowledge, this is the first review that assesses sensitivity and specificity of urine markers solely for UCC surveillance. In our view, Microsatellite analysis, ImmunoCyt, NMP22, CYFRA21-1, LewisX and FISH are the most promising markers for surveillance at this time. Nevertheless, clinical evidence is insufficient to warrant the substitution of the cystoscopic follow-up scheme by any of the currently available urine marker tests. Future studies may test some of the most sensitive and specific assays to reduce the cystoscopy frequency. However, our results show that initiators of these studies should anticipate a lower sensitivity than reported in the current literature.