Histological characteristics and altered expression of interleukins (IL) IL-13 and IL-15 in endometria of levonorgestrel users with different uterine bleeding patterns

Endometrial histology may assist directing therapy and subsequently increasing compliance in progestin-only contraceptive users with irregular bleeding who fail to respond to standard therapies. Altered endometrial expression of IL-13 and IL-15, key cytokines in inflammatory and immune cell trafficking, may influence events, leading to irregular bleeding.