Échographie de l'œil et de l'orbite

This chapter includes a short historical review followed by a presentation of the different techniques currently available for ocular investigations, together with the description of the normal echo-anatomy: the 10-MHz B mode, the A mode, the 50-MHz ultrasound bio-microscopy, and the 20-MHz B mode for the analysis of the anterior segment and posterior pole, the colour Doppler ultrasonography, the 3D ultrasonography, and the tissular characterization. The different techniques of ocular biometry are presented. Some particular cases are discussed: the myopic patient, the presence of silicone oil after surgery for retinal detachment, the child and the infant, and the corneal refractive surgery. The anterior segment pathology is presented, with a focus on the analysis of the iridocorneal angle, and iris and ciliary tumours. The ultrasound semiology and the etiologic diagnosis of the retina, choroid, sclera, papilla, and macula are described in detail. The importance of ultrasound investigations within the therapeutic management is emphasized. The various tumours and ocular masses in the child and the adult are analysed. Regarding the orbital pathology, graves' orbitopathy, tumours and inflammations, venous malformations, and arterio-venous fistulas, the role of ultrasonography is discussed in terms of comparison with other techniques of medical imaging.