Time-frequency analysis and estimation of muscle fiber conduction velocity from surface EMG signals during explosive dynamic contractions

Time-frequency analysis of the surface electromyographic (EMG) signal is used to assess muscle fiber membrane properties during dynamic contractions. The aim of this study was to compare the direct estimation of average muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) with instantaneous mean frequency (iMNF) of surface EMG signals in isometric and explosive dynamic contractions. The muscles investigated were the vastus lateralis and medialis of both thighs in 12 male subjects. The isometric contractions were at linearly increasing force (0-100% of the maximal voluntary contraction in 10 s). The explosive contractions were performed on a multipurpose ergometer-dynamometer (MED). The subject, sitting on the MED, performed six explosive contractions, separated by 2 min rest, by pushing against two force platforms and thrusting himself backwards with the maximum possible speed, while completely extending his legs. The estimated CV significantly increased with force in both the isometric (mean ± S.D., from 3.24 ± 0.34 to 5.12 ± 0.31 m/s for vastus lateralis and from 3.17 ± 0.26 to 5.11 ± 0.34 m/s for vastus medialis, with force in the range 10-100% of the maximal voluntary contraction level) and explosive contractions (from 4.36 ± 0.49 to 5.00 ± 0.47 m/s for vastus lateralis, and from 4.32 ± 0.46 to 4.94 ± 0.44 m/s for vastus medialis, with force in the range 17.5-100% of maximal thrusting force). Moreover, estimated CV was not significantly different at the maximal force in the two exercises. On the contrary, iMNF, computed from the Choi-Williams time-frequency transform, was significantly lower in the explosive (57.7 ± 8.2 and 66.5 ± 10.3 Hz for vastus laterialis and medialis, respectively) than in the isometric exercises (73.7 ± 9.2 and 75.0 ± 8.5 Hz for vastus laterialis and medialis, respectively) and did not change with force in any of the conditions. It was concluded that EMG spectral features provide different information with respect to average muscle fiber CV in dynamic contractions. Thus, in general, they cannot be used to infer CV changes during the exertion of a dynamic task. A joint analysis of CV and EMG spectral features is necessary in this type of contractions.