Parasitism in fish-an endocrine modulator of ecological relevance?

Wild bream (Abramis brama) were collected from the river Elbe, and the influences of parasitic infection by the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis on endocrine and related functions (vitellogenin [VTG]; plasma sex steroids: 17β-estradiol [E2], 11-ketotestosterone [11-KT] and testosterone [T]; relative gonad [GSI] and liver [HSI] growth; maturation stages of germ cells [MS]; prominence of spawning tubercles [STI]) were investigated. Distinct regional differences in infection rates of bream with L. intestinalis were observed along the Elbe with the highest prevalences at the Czech border (up to 45%) and Magdeburg (up to 65%), areas that are heavily contaminated with complex mixtures of organic chemicals and metals. Parasitized fish of both sexes had significantly lower GSIs and poorly developed gonads (low MS). In males, a significant reduction in the prominence of spawning tubercles occurred. Infected females had significantly lower plasma VTG concentrations. A selective suppression of the sex steroids 11-KT and E2 was observed in male and female bream, respectively. Testosterone was not affected in the same manner in fish of both sexes. At sites with an elevated prevalence of L. intestinalis, the extent of the infection of an individual was significantly correlated with the suppression of the measured biomarkers. However, when applying a linear model to compare regional differences in infection prevalence with biological parameters, not all of the observed differences could be explained by parasitization by L. intestinalis. This indicates that other factors such as pollution may have contributed to the effects on reproductive and endocrine processes that occurred along the river. Given that sites with high prevalences of L. intestinalis were also characterized by elevated pollution, it is possible that there exists a combinatory effect of both pollution and parasitization that can have a serious impact on the reproductive capacity of a population, such as was observed at the sampling site at Magdeburg.